30 m sprint test
A test of speed: sprinting 30 metres as fast as possible, timed in seconds.
PE terminology
Every key term, with its definition and a picture where one helps. Tap a bold word in the notes to see it there too.
268 terms
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A
Abdominals
The muscles of the stomach area, which bend the trunk forwards and help hold the posture.
Notes: The major muscle groups
Abduction
Moving a limb away from the middle of the body.
Notes: Movement at joints · Planes of movement and axes of rotation
Access
Making sure people can get to and use facilities and activities.
Notes: Factors affecting participation · Promoting participation
Action plan
A plan, based on the evaluation, to improve the weaknesses of a performance.
Adduction
Moving a limb towards the middle of the body.
Notes: Movement at joints · Planes of movement and axes of rotation
Aerobic capacity
How much oxygen the body can take in and use during exercise.
Aerobic exercise
Exercise with enough oxygen to meet the demand for energy: low to moderate intensity, over a long time.
Agility
The ability to change the direction of the body quickly while keeping control.
Notes: Flexibility, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time
Agonist
The muscle that contracts to produce a movement: the prime mover.
Notes: How muscles work together
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles, where gas exchange happens.
Notes: The respiratory system
Anabolic steroids
Drugs that copy testosterone, increasing muscle size and strength and speeding up recovery.
Notes: Drugs in sport
Anaerobic exercise
Exercise without enough oxygen to meet the demand for energy: high intensity, over a short time.
Notes: Aerobic and anaerobic exercise · Short-term effects of exercise
Analyse
Break a performance into its parts and examine how each is done.
Analysing and Evaluating Performance (AEP)
Component 05: a written task analysing and evaluating one performance, with an action plan to improve it.
Notes: Practical performance · Analysing and evaluating performance
Antagonist
The muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow a movement.
Notes: How muscles work together
Antagonistic pair
Two muscles that work together at a joint, one contracting while the other relaxes, such as the biceps and triceps.
Notes: How muscles work together
Anticipatory rise
The small rise in heart rate just before exercise starts, as the body prepares.
Aorta
The main artery, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Notes: The heart
Appropriate level of competition
Matching opponents by age, size, weight or ability, to reduce the risk of injury.
Notes: Preventing injury
Approved activity lists
OCR's lists of team and individual activities that can be assessed for Component 04.
Notes: Practical performance
Artery
A blood vessel with a thick muscular wall that carries blood away from the heart at high pressure.
Notes: Blood vessels and the double-circulatory system · The heart
Axis of rotation
An imaginary line that the body or a body part turns around.
B
Balance
The ability to keep the body steady and in control by keeping the centre of mass over the base of support.
Notes: Flexibility, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time
Balanced diet
A diet with the correct proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water to maintain good health.
Notes: A balanced diet
Ball and socket joint
A synovial joint where a rounded bone end sits in a cup, allowing movement in every direction, as at the shoulder and hip.
Notes: Synovial joints
Barrier
Something that stops or discourages people from taking part.
Beta blockers
Drugs that slow the heart rate and reduce anxiety, so the performer stays calm and steady.
Notes: Drugs in sport
Biceps
The muscle at the front of the upper arm, which bends (flexes) the elbow.
Bicuspid valve
The valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle, which stops blood flowing backwards.
Notes: The heart
Blood pressure
The force of the blood against the walls of the arteries. Regular exercise helps to lower high blood pressure.
Bone density
How strong and solid a bone is; it increases with weight-bearing exercise.
Notes: Long-term effects of exercise · Benefits of physical activity
Bone marrow
The soft tissue inside some bones, where blood cells are made.
Notes: Functions of the skeleton
Breathing rate
The number of breaths taken per minute, also called the respiratory rate. It increases during exercise.
Notes: The respiratory system · Short-term effects of exercise
Bronchioles
The small airways that branch from the bronchi inside the lungs and lead to the alveoli.
Notes: The respiratory system
C
Capillarisation
The growth of more capillaries around the muscles and alveoli as a result of training.
Capillary
A tiny blood vessel, one cell thick, where gases pass between the blood and the tissues.
Notes: Blood vessels and the double-circulatory system · The respiratory system
Carbohydrate
The body's main source of energy, found in foods such as pasta, rice and bread.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute: stroke volume × heart rate.
Notes: The heart · Short-term effects of exercise · Long-term effects of exercise
Cardiovascular endurance
The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the working muscles, so the whole body can exercise for a long time.
Cartilage
Smooth, tough tissue covering the ends of bones at a joint, which reduces friction and absorbs shock.
Notes: Synovial joints · Movement at joints
Circuit training
Training at a series of stations, each a different exercise, with rest between. It can be made specific to a sport.
Notes: FITT and types of training
Circumduction
Moving a limb in a circle, so its end draws a circle, as the arm does when bowling in cricket.
Notes: Movement at joints
Closed skill
A skill not affected by the environment, so it can be performed the same way each time.
Notes: Classification of skills
Co-ordination
The ability to use two or more body parts together smoothly and accurately.
Notes: Flexibility, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time
Command word
The word in a question that tells you what kind of answer to give, such as 'describe' or 'explain'.
Notes: Paper 1 exam skills · Paper 2 exam skills
Commercialisation
Managing sport to make money, treating it as a product to be bought and sold.
Competitive situation
A real game, match or event against opposition, in which the performer is assessed.
Notes: Practical performance
Complex skill
A skill with many decisions, lots of information to process and many parts.
Notes: Classification of skills
Continuous training
Steady, moderate exercise with no rest, for at least 20 minutes.
Notes: FITT and types of training
Continuum
A line between two extremes, along which a skill is placed to classify it.
Notes: Classification of skills
Controlled aggression
Forceful play within the rules, such as a hard but fair tackle.
Notes: Violence in sport
Controlled conditions
Supervised conditions in which the AEP is written, so it is the student's own work.
Cool-down
Low-intensity exercise and stretching after activity, to help the body return to a resting state.
Notes: Warm-up and cool-down · Preventing injury
Cooper 12-minute run
A test of cardiovascular endurance: running, or walking if you must, as far as possible in 12 minutes.
Core and advanced skills
The basic and the more difficult skills of an activity, which are assessed in Component 04.
Notes: Practical performance
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Narrowing of the arteries that supply the heart, which can cause a heart attack.
Cranium
The skull bones that surround and protect the brain.
D
DCMS
The Department for Culture, Media and Sport: the government department responsible for sport.
Notes: Participation trends
Dehydration
Losing more water than is taken in, so the body doesn't have enough to work properly.
Deltoid
The muscle over the shoulder, which lifts the arm forwards and out to the side.
Notes: The major muscle groups
Deviance
Behaviour that goes against the rules or standards of sport and society, often illegal.
Diaphragm
The dome-shaped sheet of muscle under the lungs, which flattens to breathe in.
Notes: The respiratory system
Diffusion
The movement of a gas from where there is a high concentration to where there is a low concentration.
Notes: The respiratory system
Disability
A physical or mental condition that has a long-term effect on daily activities.
Discrimination
Treating someone unfairly because of a characteristic, such as their ethnicity, gender or disability.
Disposable income
The money left to spend after paying for essentials such as housing and food.
Double-circulatory system
Two circuits of blood, one to the lungs (pulmonary) and one to the body (systemic), so blood passes through the heart twice.
Dynamic movements
The warm-up phase of changes of speed and direction, such as shuttle runs.
Notes: Warm-up and cool-down
E
Effort
The force applied to a lever: in the body, from a contracting muscle.
Notes: Lever systems · Skilful movement
Energy
What the body needs to perform physical activity, mainly from carbohydrates and fats.
Evaluate
Judge the strengths and weaknesses of something, such as a performance, using evidence, and reach a judgement.
Notes: Paper 1 exam skills · Analysing and evaluating performance · Paper 2 exam skills
Extended response
The 6-mark question, marked in levels, that needs knowledge, application and evaluation.
Notes: Paper 1 exam skills · Paper 2 exam skills
Extension
Straightening a joint, so the angle between the bones increases.
Notes: Movement at joints · Planes of movement and axes of rotation
Extrinsic feedback
Feedback from outside, such as from a coach or a video.
Notes: Guidance and feedback
F
Fartlek training
Continuous running with changes of speed and terrain.
Fat
A nutrient that gives energy for long, low-intensity activity, protects organs and keeps the body warm.
Fatigue
Tiredness that reduces performance, caused, for example, by a build-up of lactic acid.
Notes: Short-term effects of exercise · Long-term effects of exercise
Femur
The thigh bone: the longest and strongest bone in the body.
Notes: Bones of the skeleton · Synovial joints
Fibula
The thinner bone of the lower leg, on the outer side, beside the tibia.
Notes: Bones of the skeleton
First-class lever
A lever with the fulcrum between the effort and the load, such as the neck when tilting the head back.
Notes: Lever systems
Fitness
The ability to meet the demands of the environment.
Notes: Endurance, speed, strength and power · Hazards in sports settings · Analysing and evaluating performance · Health, fitness and well-being · Benefits of physical activity
FITT
Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type: the four parts of a training programme that can be planned and changed.
Notes: FITT and types of training · Analysing and evaluating performance
Fixator
A muscle that stabilises a joint or body part, so the agonist can work effectively.
Notes: How muscles work together
Flexibility
The range of movement possible at a joint.
Notes: Flexibility, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time · Warm-up and cool-down
Flexion
Bending a joint, so the angle between the bones decreases.
Notes: Movement at joints · Planes of movement and axes of rotation
Frontal axis
An imaginary line running from front to back through the body. A cartwheel turns about it, in the frontal plane.
Frontal plane
The plane that divides the body into front and back, in which abduction and adduction happen.
G
Gamesmanship
Bending the rules, without breaking them, to gain an advantage.
Gastrocnemius
The calf muscle at the back of the lower leg, which points the toes.
Notes: The major muscle groups
Gluteals
The muscles of the buttocks, which extend the leg at the hip, as in running and jumping.
Notes: The major muscle groups
Glycogen
The form in which carbohydrate is stored in the muscles and liver.
Notes: Diet, hydration and energy
Goal setting
Setting targets to aim for, to improve motivation, adherence to training and performance.
Golden triangle
The relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media, which all rely on each other.
Notes: Commercialisation and the media · Paper 2 exam skills
Guidance
Information given to help someone learn or improve a skill.
Notes: Guidance and feedback · Analysing and evaluating performance
H
Haemoglobin
The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Hamstrings
The group of muscles at the back of the thigh that bend the knee.
Hazard
Anything that could cause harm, such as a wet floor or broken equipment.
Notes: Hazards in sports settings
Health
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just being free from disease or illness.
Heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute.
Notes: The heart · Short-term effects of exercise · Long-term effects of exercise · Warm-up and cool-down · Diet, hydration and energy · Drugs in sport
HIIT
High Intensity Interval Training: short bursts of near-maximum effort alternated with short recoveries.
Notes: FITT and types of training
Hinge joint
A synovial joint that allows movement in one direction only: bending and straightening, as at the knee and elbow.
Notes: Synovial joints
Humerus
The long bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow.
Notes: Bones of the skeleton
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of a muscle, including the heart, through training.
I
Imagery
Picturing something in the mind, such as a calm place, to reduce anxiety or build confidence.
Notes: Mental preparation
Induction
A session that shows new users how to use a facility and its equipment safely.
Notes: Hazards in sports settings
Intensity
How hard a person is working during exercise.
Notes: Aerobic and anaerobic exercise · Short-term effects of exercise · FITT and types of training · Warm-up and cool-down · A balanced diet · Diet, hydration and energy
Intercostal muscles
The muscles between the ribs, which move the ribs up and out when breathing in.
Notes: The respiratory system
Interval training
Training in periods of work, each followed by a period of rest.
Notes: FITT and types of training
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback from within, through the feel of the movement.
Notes: Guidance and feedback
J
Joint capsule
A tough sac around a synovial joint that holds it together and contains the synovial fluid.
Notes: Synovial joints
K
Knowledge of performance
Feedback about the quality of the movement or technique.
Notes: Guidance and feedback
L
Lactic acid
A waste product made in the muscles during anaerobic exercise, which causes fatigue.
Notes: Aerobic and anaerobic exercise · Short-term effects of exercise
Latissimus dorsi
The large muscle down each side of the back that pulls the arm down and back at the shoulder.
Notes: The major muscle groups
Long-term effects of exercise
Changes to the body that build up over weeks and months of regular training.
Longitudinal axis
The axis that runs from head to toe, around which the body spins.
M
Manual guidance
Physically moving a performer through a skill, such as a coach guiding a golfer's arms.
Notes: Guidance and feedback
Mechanical advantage
When a lever's effort arm is longer than its load arm, so a small effort can move a large load.
Notes: Lever systems
Mechanical guidance
Using equipment, such as a float or a trampoline harness, to help a performer learn a skill safely.
Notes: Guidance and feedback
Media
Ways of communicating with large numbers of people, such as TV, the internet, social media and newspapers.
Notes: Factors affecting participation · Commercialisation and the media
Mental rehearsal
Going through each step of a skill in the mind before performing it.
Notes: Mental preparation
Minerals
Nutrients needed in small amounts, such as calcium for strong bones and iron for red blood cells.
Notes: Functions of the skeleton · A balanced diet
Minority sport
A sport with few participants or spectators, which gets little media coverage.
Minute ventilation
The volume of air breathed in or out in one minute: tidal volume × breathing rate.
Notes: The respiratory system · Short-term effects of exercise · Long-term effects of exercise
Moderation
OCR checking a sample of a school's marking, so all schools mark to the same standard.
Notes: Practical performance
Multi-stage fitness test
A test of cardiovascular endurance: running between lines 20 m apart, keeping up with bleeps that get faster at each level.
Muscle group
Muscles that work together and are named as one, such as the quadriceps at the front of the thigh.
Notes: The major muscle groups
Muscular endurance
The ability of a muscle or muscle group to keep contracting many times without tiring.
Notes: Long-term effects of exercise · Endurance, speed, strength and power · FITT and types of training
N
National governing body (NGB)
The organisation that runs a sport, such as the Football Association.
Notes: Participation trends
Non-exam assessment (NEA)
The parts of the GCSE assessed in school rather than in an exam: Components 04 and 05.
Notes: Practical performance
Normative data
Typical results for people of the same age and sex, used to rate a test result.
Notes: Fitness testing and data
Nutrient
A substance in food that the body needs, such as carbohydrate or protein.
Notes: A balanced diet
O
Obesity
Having a lot of extra body fat, which increases the risk of health problems.
One rep max
A test of strength: the heaviest weight you can lift once with correct technique. It must be supervised.
Open skill
A skill affected by an unpredictable environment, so the performer must adapt it.
Notes: Classification of skills
Overload
Working harder than normal, so the body has to adapt and improve.
Notes: Principles of training · FITT and types of training · Paper 1 exam skills
P
Participation
Taking part in physical activity and sport.
Notes: Participation trends · Paper 2 exam skills
Pectorals
The chest muscles that pull the arm across the body at the shoulder.
Notes: The major muscle groups
Pelvis
The ring of bones at the hips, which protects the organs of the lower abdomen and forms the hip joint.
Notes: Bones of the skeleton
Percentage change
The change divided by the starting value, multiplied by 100.
Notes: Paper 1 exam skills
Performance-enhancing drug (PED)
A banned substance taken to improve sports performance.
Notes: Drugs in sport
Personal exercise programme
A training plan designed for one person, their activity and their goals.
Notes: Principles of training
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Equipment worn to protect the body from injury, such as shin pads or a gum shield.
Notes: Preventing injury
Physical activity
Any movement of the body that uses energy, such as walking, sport or dance.
Plane of movement
An imaginary flat surface through the body, in which a movement takes place.
Pliability
How easily something bends or stretches, such as the ligaments and tendons after a warm-up.
Notes: Warm-up and cool-down
Plyometrics
Jumping, hopping and bounding exercises that develop power.
Notes: FITT and types of training
Positive thinking
Thinking or saying positive things to yourself, to build confidence.
Notes: Mental preparation
Posture
The position the body is held in, such as standing upright.
Notes: Functions of the skeleton · Benefits of physical activity
Power
The ability to use strength quickly: a combination of strength and speed.
Practical example
A specific action from a named sport, used to apply knowledge, such as a gymnast performing the splits.
Notes: Paper 1 exam skills · Paper 2 exam skills
Press-up test
A test of the upper body's muscular endurance: as many full press-ups as possible in a set time, often one minute.
Progression
Gradually increasing the training load as the body adapts.
Prohibited combination
Two activities that can't both count, such as two versions or variations of the same sport.
Notes: Practical performance
Promotion
Encouraging people to take part, through campaigns, advertising and role models.
Notes: Promoting participation
Protection
Bones surrounding and guarding vital organs, such as the cranium around the brain.
Notes: Functions of the skeleton
Provision
Making sure the right facilities, activities, equipment and coaches are available.
Notes: Promoting participation
Pulmonary circuit
The circuit that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back.
Pulse raising
The part of a warm-up that gradually raises the heart rate, such as light jogging.
Notes: Warm-up and cool-down
Q
Quadriceps
The group of muscles at the front of the thigh that straighten the knee.
Qualitative data
Data in words, such as opinions, feelings or descriptions.
Notes: Fitness testing and data
Quantitative data
Data in numbers that can be measured, such as a time or a distance.
Notes: Fitness testing and data
R
Radius
The forearm bone on the thumb side, forming part of the elbow and wrist joints.
Notes: Bones of the skeleton
Reaction time
The time taken to respond to a stimulus, such as the starting gun.
Notes: Flexibility, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time
Recovery
The return of the body, such as the heart rate, to its resting state after exercise.
Notes: Short-term effects of exercise · Long-term effects of exercise · Warm-up and cool-down
Redistribution of blood flow
Sending more blood to the working muscles and less to organs such as the stomach during exercise.
Reliability
Whether a test gives the same result when it is repeated in the same way.
Notes: Fitness testing and data
Reversibility
Losing the fitness gained when training stops or is reduced.
Ribs
Curved bones that form a cage around the chest, protecting the heart and lungs and helping with breathing.
Risk assessment
Checking a setting or activity for hazards before it starts, and deciding how to reduce the risks.
Notes: Hazards in sports settings
Role model
Someone people look up to and want to copy.
Notes: Factors affecting participation · Sponsorship · Sportsmanship, gamesmanship and deviance · Drugs in sport · Paper 2 exam skills
Rotation
Turning a bone around its own long axis, as the shoulder does in a tennis serve.
Notes: Movement at joints · Planes of movement and axes of rotation
S
Safe lifting technique
Bending the knees, keeping the back straight and holding the load close, to protect the back.
Notes: Preventing injury
Sagittal plane
The plane that divides the body into left and right, in which flexion and extension happen.
Scapula
The shoulder blade: a flat bone at the back of the shoulder that forms part of the shoulder joint.
Notes: Bones of the skeleton
Second-class lever
A lever with the load between the fulcrum and the effort, such as the ankle when rising onto the toes. It has mechanical advantage.
Notes: Lever systems
Sedentary lifestyle
A lifestyle with a lot of sitting and little or no physical activity.
Selective attention
Focusing on the relevant information and blocking out distractions.
Notes: Mental preparation
Semilunar valve
A valve where blood leaves each ventricle, into the aorta or the pulmonary artery, which stops it flowing back into the heart.
Notes: The heart
Short-term effects of exercise
Changes that happen to the body during and straight after exercise, then wear off.
Simple skill
A skill with few decisions, little information to process and few parts.
Notes: Classification of skills
Sit and reach test
A test of flexibility: sitting with legs straight and reaching as far forward as possible along a ruler.
Notes: Flexibility, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time
Sit-up test
A test of the abdominals' muscular endurance: as many sit-ups as possible in one minute.
Skill rehearsal
The warm-up phase in which performers practise the skills of their activity, such as passing drills.
Notes: Warm-up and cool-down
SMART
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Recorded, Timed: the features of an effective goal.
Notes: Goal setting
Social group
A group of people who share a characteristic, such as age, gender or disability.
Notes: Participation trends
Social media
Apps and websites where people share posts, videos and comments.
Specificity
Matching training to the demands of the activity: its muscles, movements and components of fitness.
Notes: Principles of training
Speed
The ability to move the body, or part of it, quickly.
Notes: Lever systems · Endurance, speed, strength and power · Warm-up and cool-down
Spirit of the game
The idea of playing fairly and with respect, as well as keeping to the written rules.
Sponsorship
A company giving money, equipment or clothing to a performer, team or event in return for advertising.
Notes: Commercialisation and the media · Sponsorship · Drugs in sport
SPOR
A way to remember the principles of training: specificity, progression, overload and reversibility.
Sport England
The organisation that funds and promotes community sport in England, and runs the Active Lives surveys.
Notes: Participation trends
Sportsmanship
Playing fairly, within the rules and the spirit of the game, with respect for others.
Standing broad jump
A test of power: jumping forward from standing, with feet together, as far as possible.
Sternum
The flat breastbone in the middle of the chest, joined to the ribs.
Stimulants
Drugs that make the performer more alert, less tired and more competitive.
Notes: Drugs in sport
Stork stand test
A test of balance: standing on the ball of one foot, with the other foot against the knee, for as long as possible.
Notes: Flexibility, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time
Strength
The maximum force a muscle or muscle group can produce against a resistance.
Notes: Long-term effects of exercise · Endurance, speed, strength and power · FITT and types of training · Drugs in sport
Stress management
Reducing or coping with stress, which physical activity can help with.
Stretching
The warm-up phase that lengthens the muscles about to be used, with static or dynamic stretches, to help prevent injury.
Notes: Warm-up and cool-down
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one beat.
Notes: The heart · Short-term effects of exercise · Long-term effects of exercise
Support
The skeleton giving the body its shape and holding organs and muscles in place.
Notes: Functions of the skeleton
Synovial fluid
The fluid in a synovial joint that lubricates it, reducing friction between the bones.
Notes: Synovial joints
Synovial joint
A freely movable joint, where the bone ends are covered in cartilage and enclosed in a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid.
Notes: Synovial joints
Systemic circuit
The circuit that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and deoxygenated blood back.
T
Target group
A group that takes part less, at which a strategy is aimed.
Notes: Promoting participation
Tendon
Tough tissue that joins muscle to bone, so a contracting muscle can pull the bone.
Third-class lever
A lever with the effort between the fulcrum and the load, such as the elbow when bending the arm. It gives a large range of movement and speed.
Notes: Lever systems
Tibia
The shinbone: the larger bone of the lower leg, which carries most of the body's weight.
Notes: Bones of the skeleton · Synovial joints
Tidal volume
The volume of air breathed in or out in one breath.
Notes: The respiratory system · Short-term effects of exercise · Long-term effects of exercise
Trachea
The windpipe: the tube that carries air from the mouth and nose towards the lungs.
Notes: The respiratory system
Transverse axis
An imaginary line running from side to side, like a bar through the hips. A somersault turns about it, in the sagittal plane.
Transverse plane
The plane that divides the body into top and bottom, in which rotation happens.
Trapezius
A large muscle across the upper back and neck, which moves the shoulder blades and holds the shoulders back.
Notes: The major muscle groups
Trend
A general change over time, such as participation rising or falling.
Notes: Participation trends
Triceps
The muscle at the back of the upper arm, which straightens (extends) the elbow.
Tricuspid valve
The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle, which stops blood flowing backwards.
Notes: The heart
Type 2 diabetes
A disease in which the body can't control its blood sugar level properly, linked to obesity and inactivity.
U
Ulna
The forearm bone on the little-finger side, which forms the point of the elbow.
Notes: Bones of the skeleton
V
Validity
Whether a test measures what it says it measures.
Vein
A blood vessel with valves that carries blood back to the heart at low pressure.
Notes: Blood vessels and the double-circulatory system · The heart
Vena cava
The main vein, carrying deoxygenated blood from the body into the right atrium.
Notes: The heart
Verbal guidance
Telling a performer how to do a skill, through instructions or explanations.
Notes: Guidance and feedback
Vertebrae
The small bones that link together to make the spine (the vertebral column).
Vertical jump test
A test of power: jumping as high as possible beside a wall and measuring how far above your standing reach you get.
Visual guidance
Showing a performer the skill, by a demonstration, video or diagram, so they get a mental picture of it.
Notes: Guidance and feedback
Vitamins
Nutrients needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy, such as vitamin C for the immune system.
Notes: A balanced diet
W
Wall throw test
A test of co-ordination: throwing a ball against a wall with one hand and catching it with the other, as many times as possible in a set time.
Notes: Flexibility, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time
Warm-up
Exercise before activity that gradually prepares the body and mind, and reduces the risk of injury.
Notes: Warm-up and cool-down
Weight category
A group in sports such as boxing in which competitors of a similar body weight compete against each other.
Notes: Preventing injury
Well-being
Feeling comfortable, healthy and happy with your life.
Win-at-all-costs
An attitude that winning matters more than playing fairly.
Notes: Sportsmanship, gamesmanship and deviance · Violence in sport